Recently, new serological tests have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of the CFT i.e. Various immunodiagnostic tests such as indirect hemagglutination test, counter immunoelectrophoresis test, indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have also been previously used but have limitations. Thus, the selection of antigens used for CFT has also to be updated and standardized. Recently, a CFT antigen based on a mixture of antigens from different historical serogroups has been extensively used. Moreover, the CFT is a labour intensive test and takes about 24h to perform. Antigens used for CFT are not standardized and they have different diagnostic accuracies. Test antigen used and the assay protocol have a significant impact on CFT sensitivity. These false-positive results cause unnecessary restrictions on international trade of animals and products thereof and result in financial losses for owners and the horse industry. This test is known to have high sensitivity, but it gives a considerable number of false-positive results. The CFT is the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) prescribed serodiagnostic method for international trade purposes and is also recommended for surveillance investigations. Ĭurrently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) and complement fixation test (CFT) are used for indirect diagnosis. As approximately 90% of early infections occur in a non-clinical or latent form, clinical and bacteriological diagnosis are difficult. mallei from cutaneous lesions and nasal exudates are considered to be the “gold” (perfect reference) standard for diagnosis of glanders. Therefore, trade restrictions with animals and products from endemic regions or outbreak areas are mandatory.īacterial isolation and identification of B. The disease is mainly chronic in horses and latently-infected animals pose a high risk of reintroduction of the infection into glanders-free countries. Although the disease has been eradicated in most European and North American countries in the last century, there are still outbreaks throughout the South American and Asian continents. Glanders is an infectious zoonotic disease of equids, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia ( B.) mallei. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was primarily funded by the International Horse Sports Confederation and World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) (Tender Ref.: AD/SR/2015/1885), grant to MCE, HS, KL, SM, IK, PM. Received: JanuAccepted: MaPublished: April 5, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Elschner et al. PLoS ONE 14(4):Įditor: Axel Cloeckaert, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, FRANCE (2019) Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.Ĭitation: Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, et al. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei.
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